Notes
Socrates
Abbreviations used in these notes:
CDP - The Collected Dialogues of Plato, E. Hamilton and H. Cairns (eds) (Princeton University Press, 1961)
CWA - The Collected Works of Aristotle, J. Barnes (ed.) (Princeton University Press, 1984)
LCL - Loeb Classical Library
LOP - Lives of the Philosophers, Diogenes Laertius, translated by R. D. Hicks (Harvard University Press, 1972.)
p.7 You are mistaken ... Plato, Apology, z8b (CDP, p.14)
p.7 started wrestling ... Plato, Symposium, 22oc (CDP, p.571)
p.7 fell into a fit ... ibid., i74d, i75b (CDP, pp.529-30)
p.8 I have never lived... Plato, Apology,)6b (CDP, p.21)
p.8 anyone who is close... Plato, Laches, 1876 (CDP, p.131)
p.8 Marsyas: Plato, Symposium, 215b (CDP, p.566)
p.8-9 speaking for myself... ibid., 215d (CDP, p.567)
p. 9 I've been bitten... ibid., 2i8a (CDP, p. 569)
p. 9-10 The first step, then... Xenophon, The Banquet, V (transl. adapted from E. C. Marchant and O. J. Todd, Xenophon, LCL edn, 1923, Vol. 4, p. 599)
p. 14 After puzzling about it... Plato, Apology, 21b (CDP, p. 7)
p. 14 I reflected as I walked away... ibid., 2id (CDP, p. 7)
p. 14 whenever I succeed... ibid., 233 (CDP, p. 9)
p. 14 the arguments never... Plato, Theaetetus, i6ia (CDP, p. 866)
p.15 If I say that this... Plato, Apology, 376 (CDP, p.23)
p.15 it has always been... Plato, Crito, 46b (CDP, p.31)
p.15 in obedience to God's commands... Plato, Apology, 33C (CDP, p19)
p.15 I want you to think... ibid., 223 (CDP, p.8)
p.16 when it comes... ibid., 3 id (CDP, p.17)
p.16 I spend all my time... ibid., 303 (CDP, p.16)
p.16 ashamed that you give... ibid., 296 (CDP, p.16)
p.16 these people give you... ibid., 366 (CDP, p. 22)
p.17 Apollodorus: Xenophon, Socrates' Defence, 28
p.17 to be afraid of death... Plato, Apology, 2. 93 (CDP, p.15)
p.17 heroes of the old days, ibid., 4Ib (CDP, p.25)
p.18 the work of ... Plato, 2nd Letter, 3140 (CDP, p. 1, 567)
p.18 All his private conduct... Xenophon, Memoirs of Socrates, IV (transl. E. C. Marchant, LCL edn, p. 309)
p.18 old prig ... Jonathan Barnes, The Presocratic Philosophers (Routledge, 1982.), p.448
p.19 modern scholars: particularly Gregory Vlastos, Socrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher (Cambridge, 1991); Socratic Studies (Cambridge, 1994)
p.19 purified, (etc.): Plato, Phaedo, 67c-d (CDP, p.50)
p.20-21 mathematics has come to be ... Aristotle, Metaphysics, 992a332 (CWA, p.1568)
p.21 our birth is but a sleep ... Wordsworth, Intimations of Immortality V, (1807)
p. 21 we have helped him... Plato, Meno, 84b (CDP, p. 368)
p.22 At present these opinions ... ibid., 85C (CDP, p.370)
p.22 I shall question him ... Plato, Apology, 296 (CDP, p.16)
p.23 sometimes, however ... Plato, Lesser Hippias, 372d (CDP, p.209)
p.23 I am full of defects ... ibid., 372b (CDP, p.209)
p.24 an accurate knowledge ... Plato, Euthyphro, 5a (CDP, p.172)
p.24 is what is holy ... ibid., 10a (CDP, p. 178)
p.24-25 Those who believe that God ... Leibniz, Theodicy (1710), 176 (transl. E.M. Huggard, Open Court, 1985, p.236)
p. 25 We must not limit our enquiry ... Aristotle, Magna Moralia, 118234 (CWA, p.1868)
p. 25-26 he thought all the virtues ... ibid., I2i6b2 (adapted from CWA, p.1925)
p.26 he is doing away with ... ibid., 1182a21 (CWA, p.1868)
p.26 No one, he said, acts ... Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 1145b27 (CWA, p.1810)
p.27 in the strength of his character ... K. Joel, in W. K. C. Guthrie, Socrates (Cambridge, 1971), p. 138
p.27 Milton: Paradise Lost, IV. 110
p.27 no one would choose evil ... Aristotle, Magna Moralia, 1200b26 (CWA, p.1900)
p.27 divine naivete ... Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy (1872), 13 (transl. W. Kaufmann, Random House, 1967, p. 88)
p.27 wisdom full of pranks: Nietzsche, Der Wanderer und sein Schatten (1880), 86
p.27 This was Socrates'... Galen, On the Use of the Parts of the Body, I.9
p.28 mutilated by ... Plato, Crito, 476 (CDP, p.33)
p.28 nothing can harm ... Plato, Apology, 4id (CDP, p.25)
p.28 the difficulty is not ... ibid., 39b (CDP, p.24)
p.28 to live well means ... Plato, Crito, 48b (CDP, p.33)
p.28 the just is happy ... Plato, Republic, 3543 (CDP, p.604)
p.30 So there is every ... Plato, Gorgias, 507b (CDP, p.289)
p.30 Those who say that the victim... Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, II53bI9 (CWA, p.1823)
p.30 if you are serious ... Plato, Gorgias, 48Ic (CDP, p.265)
p.30 it is no ordinary matter... Plato, Republic, 352d
p.33 A Socrates gone mad: Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Philosophers, VI.54 (LOP, Vol.2, p.55)
p.35 travelled around with her husband ... Lives of the Philosophers, VI.96 (as transl. J.M. Rist in Stoic Philosophy, Cambridge, 1969, p.61)
p.35 wrangling Euclides ... Timon of Phlius, in Diogenes Laertius, op. cit., 11. 107 (LOP, VOL. I, p. 237)
p.36 O Stranger ... Athenaeus, Deipnosophistai, IX.4l0E (transl. St George Stock in Stoicism, London, 1908, p.36)
p.36 Godel's Theorem: see Godel's Proof, E. Nagel 3nd J. R. Newman (London, 1959)
p.38 I know how to produce ... Plato, Gorgias, 474a (CDP, p.256)
p.38 If you put me to death... Plato, Apology, 30e (CDP, p.16)
Plato
The standard system of reference to Plato's works is by 'Stephanus' page numbers, which denote the page and column number of a given passage in the edition of Plato published in 1578 by Henri Estienne.
The translations of the quoted passages are by myself, but they are based on the transitions, by various 3uthors, in Plato: Complete Works, ed. J.M. Cooper (Hackett, Indianapolis, 1997).
For help in preparing the notes and bibliography, I am grateful to Casey Perrin.
1 The ancient sources 3re not consistent in their dating of Plato's life. Most modern accounts date his birth some time between 429 and 427 BC. For details see Kraut (1992), p. 30 n. 1 3nd Guthrie (1975), p. 10.
2 A. N. Whitehead, Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology, corrected edn, ed. D. R. Griffin and D. W. Sherburne (Free Press, New York, 1978), p. 39. As Kraut (1992), p. 32 n. 4 says, perhaps rather unnecessarily, Whitehead's remark should not be taken to imply that philosophers after Plato all accepted his views as their starting point.
3 As, it should be said, many still do.
4 Thirteen Letters are among a set of works attributed to Plato in antiquity by Diogenes Laertius (3. 50, cf. 3. 57-62.) and included in the medieval manuscripts, but whose authenticity is a matter of long and still unsettled controversy among scholars. For references see Guthrie (1975), pp. 399-401. One other work that is not strictly speaking a dialogue is the Apology, which is a speech that Socrates might appropriately have made at his trial.
5 But he mentions himself three times (excluding the Letters). In the Apology (34b, 38b) he twice says that he himself was present at the trial of Socrates, and in the second passage he is said to be among those who offered to pay a fine on behalf of Socrates should the court accept that as a penalty. At Phaedo 59b the narrator of the dialogue reports that Plato himself was not present on the last day of Socrates' life, because he was ill.
6 On the historical Socrates see Vlastos (1991) and Gottlieb (1997). There is a harder question about the dialogues as evidence of what Socrates believed (the so-called 'Socratic question'): see below, p. 7, 9-10, 12, 32.
7 We can learn a lot from the Theaetetus, but the second, and still more the third, sections of it are clearly designed to provide material for further discussion. This is brought out in Burnyeat (1990).
8 A good example is the final argument of the Protagoras: see below, p. 13.
9 Whatever the status of the works ascribed to Aristotle (who was forty-three years younger than Plato, was his pupil and broke away , from him) they are a lot nearer to the treatise in form, and display a very different temperament.
10 The school lasted, with an unbroken line of successors, till the 1st century BC; the prevailing philosophy changed a lot, and was by no means always Platonic.
11 For discussion of this dialogue, see Ferrari (1987), and of this passage, chapter 7.
12 For a concise discussion of the methods and results of stylometric studies, see Brandwood (1992.). Aristotle tells us (Politics 1164614) that the Laws was written after the Republic; it is universally agreed to be late. In the case of some dialogues, there is evidence for their actual date of composition or their chronology relative to other dialogues. Several dialogues contain allusions to historical events which allow us to fix a date after which they must have been written. The Symposium, for example, alludes to the King's Peace of 386 BC (I82b) and the Spartan division of Arcadia in 385 (193a). The Theaetetus begins with a conversation that takes place very shortly before the death of Theaetetus after a battle in Corinth in 369 BC (14ZA-B). The Statesman is taken to have been composed after the Sophist since it refers back to the Sophist on several occasions (257A, 258B, 266D, 284B, 286b). In what follows I use 'dating' loosely, to cover placing the dialogues in an order relative to one another.
13 The Republic is in 10 books, and some scholars take Book I to be significantly earlier than the other books. See Vlastos (1991) p. 248-51 for discussion.
14 Some scholars place the Theaetetus in Plato's Middle Period, but it must surely be associated closely with the Sophist. The Statesman is often known by its Latin name, Politicus.
15 See Theaetetus, 183e-184a, and various passages in the Sophist (e. g. 237a, 24Ib), where his central doctrine is rejected. The poem of Parmenides (c. 515-c.450 BC) survives only in fragments. A translation of these, with commentary, can be found in McKirahan (1994).
16 Zeno of Elea (born C.49O BC), who invented famous paradoxes, including that of Achilles and the Tortoise, which supposedly show that the idea of movement is self-contradictory. For discussion, see Kirk, Raven and Schofield (1983).
17 It is worth saying that there is no hope of making adequate sense of the first part of the Parmenides, which is crucial to these debates, unless we can get a better grasp on the second part than most people claim to have.
18 Here, as on several other points, I am indebted to Myles Burnyeat.
19 One of the characters in the Laches is Melesias, the son of Thucydides - not the historian, but an Athenian politician who opposed Pericles and was banished from Athens for ten years some time around 440 BC. He is mentioned in the Meno (94b-e) (along with Themistocles, Aristides, and Pericles) as an example of a father who failed to teach his son (the Melesias of the Laches) virtue.
20 Ancient democracy was both more and less 'democratic' than modern systems: more, because all citizens could take part in political decisions; less, because there were no minority rights, it was based on slavery, and women were excluded.
21 See Gorgias, 515d-516d. Pericles (c.495-c.429 BC) was an Athenian statesman and the main influence on Athenian policy in the middle years of the fifth century. The noblest expression of Athenian democratic ideals is to be found in the Funeral Speech ascribed to Pericles in Thucydides' History (II. 34-46). To call him an unprincipled demagogue was rather like comparing Abraham Lincoln to Senator McCarthy.
22 There were of course predecessors. The fragment of Parmenides' poem (see note 15 above) is an interesting case; the emphatic inferential structure, together with the determined charmlessness of the verse, seem designed to make the point.
23 The same technique is used in the Cratylus; in that case, it is shown that the method of etymology can be used with equal plausibility to produce contrary results.
24 Meno, 75 b.
25 Pindar, fragment 133.
26 Meno, 86a: he knows this when he is a man and when he is not a man; he is always either a man or not a man; so he knows it always.
27 Meno, 97a. In a world without maps, personal experience may well be the best basis of such beliefs. There is a similar but more complex example, of a jury acquiring from a specious orator what is in fact a true belief about something they did not witness, in the Theaetetus (200d-2O1c).
28 Erotic relations between older and younger men were a standard feature of Athenian life, and carried strong educational and other values. See Dover (1989) for discussion. Details of Alcibiades' life (c.450-404 BC) are to be found in Thucydides' History, books V-VIII, and Xenophon's Hellenica, book I.
29 Symposium, 210a.
30 Gorgias, 474c-481b.
31 Gorgias, 491a-495a.
32 Republic, 352d.
33 Republic, 343c. The formulation 'justice is the interest of the stronger', Republic, 338c.
34 Republic, 358b-c; 367b
35 In Republic IV, 435b-444e.
36 For Plato's discussion of the inclusion of women in the education of the Guardians, see Republic, 451c-457c.
37 The Tempest V, I, 48-50. For the application of this to art, see Stephen Greenblatt, Marvelous Possessions (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991).
38 The Same point is made, contrasting such explanations with others, in the Phaedo (96c-98b).
39 Pangloss is usually said to expound a 'vulgarized' version of Leibniz's philosophy, but Leibniz himself, like some other mathematical and metaphysical geniuses, but unlike Plato, was capable of being ethically very crass.
40 Republic, 5O9d-5IIe. The relations between the sun, the line, and the cave have traditionally given rise to great controversy between interpreters.
41 Republic, 5iob-5iie. Plato's own phrase means a starting point which is not a hypothesis itself and does not depend on a hypothesis.
42 Certainly with regard to the top sub-section. It is controversial whether there are 'mathematical objects', distinct from Forms, corresponding to the sub-section below this.
43 Metaphysics, 987bI-13.
44 596a. But the Greek could mean: where there is a Form, the form 3nd the particulars have the same name.
45 Metaphysics, 987a32-bI.
46 Republic, 596a-b, Cratylus, 389a-b In the Cratylus passage there is nothing to imply that the Form is 'separate'.
47 Theaetetus, 155b-c.
48 Phaedo, 105b-107a. When Socrates' companion Crito asks how his friends should bury him, Socrates replies: 'In any way you like, if you can catch me 3nd I do not escape from you' (Phaedo, 115c).
49 For the question whether there are Forms of mud and hair, see Parmenides, 13oc-d; for the 'Third Man' argument, one version of the regress, 131e-132b.
50 Sophist, 249c-d. A related point is made in the Philebus (54c), where it is recognized that there can be 'a becoming into being'.
51 For a detailed discussion of two competing interpretations of the first part of the Theaetetus, see Burnyeat (1990), pp. 7-64, especially pp. 7-10.
52 Gorgias, 507 seq.
53 There is a complex Christian inheritance of this problem. It has included some heretical strains, related to Manicheanism, which took seriously the idea that it did not matter st all what happened in this life; and also the temptation, inherited by some Kantians, to suppose that what really counts as harming people is to make them less moral.
54 Phaedo, 118a. This interpretation, rare in antiquity, became popular in the Renaissance, and again in the i9th century.
55 The Gay Science, 340. Some of his other remarks about Plato are less interesting, such as The Twilight of the Idols, 'What I Owe to the Ancients', sec. 2, 'Plato was a coward in the face of reality.'
56 'Among School Children'; the reference is to the tact that Aristotle was the tutor of Alexander the Gre3t. The contrast between Plato 3nd Aristotle has had a complex history, and has by no means always meant the same thing; in the seventeenth century, for instance, one thing Plato stood for was the spirit of the new mathematical science. I have said something about this in an article about Greek philosophy in Finley (1981).
57 Symposium, 215-217.
58 The Gay Science, 372.
Berkeley
1 R. I. Watson and R. B. Evans, The Great Psychologists: A History of Psychological Thought (New York, 5th edn, 1991), p. 196.
2 J. S. Mill, 'Berkeley's Life and Writings', in Mill, Collected Works, Vol. vii, J. M. Robson (ed.), (Toronto, 1978), p. 451.
3 See G. Ryle, Introduction to The Revolution in Philosophy (London, 1965), especially pp. 4-8.
4 T. Blackwell, Memoirs of the Court of Augustus (Edinburgh, 1755), Vol. 2, pp. 277-8.
5 See L. Kaufman and I. Rock, 'The Moon Illusion', in Perception: Mechanism and Models, R. Held and W. Richards (eds.), (San Francisco 1950), pp. 260-8; D. Berman, 'Berkeley and the Moon Illusions', in Revue Internationale de Philosophic 154 (1985), pp. 215-22. Curiously, Voltaire, who carried out similar experiments using pasteboard tubes, came to results similar to Berkeley, that the illusion persists; see his Elements of Newton's Philosophy, Ch. vi.
6 J. Bennett, Locke, Berkeley, Hume (Oxford, 1971), pp. 91-2.
7 See, for example, Magic Eye: A New Way of Looking at the World (Harmondsworth, 1994), no. 22, and D. Dyckman, Hidden Dimensions (London, 1994).
8 See D. Berman, George Berkeley: Idealism and the Man (Oxford, *994) PP- 12-16, 144-8.
9 J. S. Mill, 'Auguste Comte and Positivism', Collected Works Vol. x, J. M. Robson (ed.), (Toronto, 1969), p. 296.
10 See 'Memoirs of the late famous Bishop of Cloyne', in Works of Oliver Goldsmith, A. Friedman (ed.), (Oxford, 1966), Vol. 3, p. 35.
11 For this and the following quotation, see my George Berkeley (Oxford, 1994), p.210.
12 See R. A. Sorenson, Thought Experiments (New York, 1992), Ch.3.
13 K. Popper, 'A Note on Berkeley as Precursor of Mach', British Journal for the Philosophy of Science IV (1953), pp. 26-36.
14 See G. Ryle, The Concept of Mind (London, 1949); D. Dennett, Consciousness Explained (Harmondsworth 1993).
15 On this essay, see my George Berkeley, pp. 75-7.
16 See F. Gallon, Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development (London, 1911 edn), especially pp. 58-61, and W. James, Principles of Psychology (London, 1890), Vol 2, Ch. 18, where Galton is quoted at length.
17 See, e. g., The Revolution in Philosophy (London, 1965), especially Ryle's Introduction and the essays on Bradley and Frege (by R. A. Wollheim and W. C. Kneale), pp. 3-6, 13-15, 31.
18 See D. N. Robinson, An Intellectual History of Psychology (Boston, 1996), Ch. ii, especially p. 306.
19 G. Frege, The Basic Laws of Arithmetic (Berkeley, 1967), M. Furth (trans.) pp. 13-14. 20 W. Lyons, The Disappearance of Introspection (Cambridge, Mass., 1986), Ch. 1.
21 See NTV, § 127, first edition. 22 See Diderot's Early Philosophical Works (Chicago, 1916), M. Jourdain (trans.), p. 118.
I am grateful to Dr Bertil Belfrage, Professor William Lyons and Dr Paul O'Grady for comments on an earlier draft of the essay.
Marx
1 'Theses on Feuerbach', in Lewis S. Feuer (ed.), Marx and Engels: Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy (London, 1969), p.286.
2 Karl Marx: Early Writings (Harmondsworth, 1975), p. 2, 57. All quotations from this work are taken from Marx's Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844. Subsequent references to this work as EW are given in parentheses after quotations.
3 Feuer, p.283
4 Karl Marx, The German Ideology, edited and introduced by C. J. Arthur (London, 1974), p.47. Subsequent references to this work as GI are given in parentheses after quotations.
5 'The Communist Manifesto', in Marx and Engels: Selected Works (London, 1968), p. 38. Subsequent references to this work as SW are given in parentheses after quotations.
6 The second part of this quotation is taken from Karl Marx, Capital, Vol. i (New York, 1967), p. 178. Subsequent references to this work are given as C in parentheses after quotations.
7 Karl Marx, Grundrisse (Harmondsworth, 1973)5 P.488.
8 Karl Marx, The Holy Family (London, 1956), p.125.
9 Karl Marx, 'Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right', in T. Bottomore (ed.), Karl Marx: Early Writings (London, 1963), P.58.
Heidegger
References give section number, followed by the page number of the German edition (H: Sein und Zeit, seventh edition, Max Niemeyer, Tubingen, 1953) and of the classic English translation (MR: Being and Time, translated by John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson, Blackwell, Oxford, 1962). All quotations are taken from this translation, with the permission of Basil Blackwell Ltd.
1 Epigraph, HI, MR19.
2 Epigraph, HI, MRi9.
3 §32, Hi52, MRi93.
4 Epigraph, HI, MRi9.
5 §i, H2, MR2i.
6 §i, Hz, MR2i.
7 § i, H3-4, MR22-3.
8 § i, H6, MR2. 6.
9 §i, H4, MR23.
10 §2., H5, MR24.
11 §2, H5-6, MR25-6.
12 §7, H37, MR62.
13 §4, Hi2, MR32.
14 §4, Hi2, MR32.
15 §4, His, MR35.
16 §4, Hi3, MR34.
17 §5, Hi5, MR36.
18 §5, Hi6, MR37.
19 §6, H25, MR47. ('Presence' and 'present' correspond to Anwesenheit and Gegenwart in the original.)
20 §6, H21, MR43.
21 §6, H20, MR4i.
22 §5, Hi5, MR36, §6, H21, MR4Z.
23 §8, H39-40, MR63~4.
24 §9, H4i, MR68; see also H4i, MR65
25 §9, H44, MR69.
26 §23, HiO9, MRi44.
27 §15, H68, MR98. z8 §22, Hio3~4,
29 §23, Hio5~6,
30 §16, H73-4, 76; MRioz-4, 107.
31 §21, H100, MR133; cf. §14, H65, MR94, $12., H$9, MR86. 3z §15, H68, MR96-7.
33 §21, H100, MRi33.
34 See §21, esp. H99-100, MR132-3
35 §21, H96, MRiZ9.
36 §21, H100, MRi33-
37 §10, H46, MR7Z.
38 §25, H115, MR151.
39 §13, H6z, MR89.
40 §z6, Hi24, MRi6z.
41 §25, Hii5-i6, 4Z §Z5, Hn6,
43 §25, Hii7-i8,
44 §26, Hn8, MRi55; Hi24, MRi6i.
45 §26, Hi2z,
46 §26, Hn8,
47 §z6, H120,
48 §27, Hi27, MRi64; Hiz8,
49 §27, Hiz7,
50 §Z7, Hiz6,
51 §35, Hi68, MR212.
52 §36, Hi7z-3, MRzi6-i7.
53 §37, Hi73-4, MR2i7-i9.
54 §38, Hi78, MR223.
55 Hi67, MR2ii; §38, Hi75~6, MR22O.
56 §27, Hi27, MRi64.
57 §29, Hi38, MRi77-
58 §29, Hi36, MR175.
59 §29, Hi38, MRi77-
60 §3i, Hi45, MRi85.
61 §3i, Hi48, MRi88.
62 §3i, Hi44, MRi84.
63 §32, Hi52-3, MRi94-5; see also §63, H3i4~i5, MR36z-3.
64 §54, Hi64, MR208.
65 §38, Hi79, MR223; §44, H229, MR272.
66 §28, Hi33, MRi7i.
67 §41, Hi92, MRz36.
68 §40, Hi86, MR23I.
69 §40, Hi88-9, MR233.
70 §40, Hi88, MR233.
71 §44, H2i5, MR258.
72 §44, Hzz8-9, MR271; §43, H202, MR246.
73 §43, H203, MR247.
74 §43, H204, MR248.
75 §43, H205, MR249
76 §43, H202, MR246-7
77 §43,
78 §43,
79 §44,
80 §44,
81 §44,
82 §44,
83 §44,
84 §44,
85 §44,
86 §39,
87 $ii,
88 §44,
89 §34,
90 §63,
91 §38, MR
92 §63,
93 §55,
94 §56,
95 §58,
96 §57,
97 §48,
98 §47,
99 §48,
100 §52,
101 §50,
102 §5z,
103 §5i,
104 §80,
105 §80,
106 §65,
107 §81,
108 §72,
109 §81, no §81, in §72,
112 §65,
113 §65, 4 §65,
115 §81,
116 §68,
117 §81,
Hzo6,
Hzo6,
Hzz9, MR271.
H2i4, MR257.
H222, MR265.
H225, MR2. 68.
Hzi9, MRz6z.
H220, MRz6z.
H220, MRz6z.
Hi83, MR228.
H101, MR134.
Hzz6-7, MRz6
H165, MR208.
H3i5, MR363;
H179, MR224; see also §Z7, Hi3o, MRi68; §54, Hz67, 268, 312, 313.
MR363.
Hz73, MR3i8. Hz84, MR33o. H2. 74, MR3i9. Hz43, Z4Z, MR287, 286.
MRz82. , MRz88.
MR302.
Hz53-4, MRZ97-8. H4i4, 420, MR467, 47Z.
H4IZ-I3, MR465-6; cf. §22, H103-4, MR137. H3Z6-7, MR374-5; see also §61, H3O4, MR352. H42I-2, MR474. H373, MR425. H4Z4-5, MR477. H425, MR478. H374, MR4Z6-7. H3z8-9, MR377. H325-6, MR373-4. H329, MR377. H42Z, MR474.
esp. H346, 350, MR396-7, 401. H4zz-3, MR474-5.
Notes To Wittgenstein
118 §69, H356-8, MR408-9.
119 §3, H9~io, MRz9~3O.
120 §69, H36z, MR4I4.
121 §69, H363, MR4I4.
122 §66, H33Z, MR38i.
123 §78, H4o5, MR457; §75, H388-9, MR440-1.
124 §75, H39i, MR443-4.
125 §82, H434, MR484-5.
126 'die ungeheure Macht des Negativen', see G. W. F. Hegel, i Phenomenology of Spirit, translated by A. V. Miller, Oxford University Press, 1977, Preface, p. 19.
IZ7 §74, H384-5, MR436-7-
iz8 §76, H397, MR449; H393, MR445.
129 'die stille Kraft des Moglichen', §76, H394, MR446.
130 §83, H437, MR487; §75, H392, MR444.
Wittgenstein
I am grateful to Dr H. -J. Clock, Professor O. Hanfling and Dr J. Hyman for their comments on the first draft of this book.
1 That is, all metaphysical theories concerning the necessary structure of reality, or of the human mind,
2 Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature I i vi, ed. L. A. Selby-Bigge, 2nd edn revised by P. H. Nidditch (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1978), p.252.
3 G. Frege, 'Thoughts', repr. in B. McGuinness (ed.), Gottlob Frege: Collected Papers on Mathematics, Logic and Philosophy (Blackwell, Oxford, 1984), p. 360.
4 Ibid., p. 360.
5 Ibid., p. 361.
6 Ibid., p. 367.
7 P. F. Strawson, Individuals (Methuen, London, 1959), p. 97f.
8 W. James, The Principles of Psychology (1890), (Dover, New York, 1950), Vol. I, p. 185.
9 Thomas Reid, Essay on the Intellectual Powers of Man, repr. in Sir William Hamilton (ed.), The Works of Thomas Reid, D. D. (Machlachlan and Stewart, Edinburgh, 1863), Vol. I, p. 442. 10 Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, p. 190. n James, The Principles of Psychology, Vol. I, p. i89f.
12 The quotation 'In the beginning was the deed' is from Goethe's Faust.
13 Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, p. 253.
14 J. Z. Young, Programs of the Brain (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1978), p. 119.
15 C. Blakemore, Mechanics of the Mind (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1977), p. 91.
16 In this book I have drawn freely on previous writings of mine on Wittgenstein's philosophical psychology. For a much more detailed treatment, see P. M. S. Hacker, Wittgenstein: Meaning and Mind, Volume 3 of an Analytic Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations, Part I - The Essays (Blackwell, Oxford, 1993).
Turing
1 Letter to Turing's mother, Mrs E. Sara Turing, now in the Turing Archive at King's College, Cambridge,
2 Nature of Spirit, Turing's undated manuscript, is in the King's College Archive. Full text in Alan Turing: the Enigma (see below).
3 A. M. Turing, 'On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem', Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. ser. 2, 42, (1936-7) pp. Z30-65; correction ibid. 43 (1937) pp. 544-6. The paper is not yet available in the Collected Works, but is reprinted in Martin Davis (ed.), The Undecidable (Raven Press, New York, 1965).
4 A. M. Turing, 'Systems of logic based on ordinals', Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. ser. 2, 45 (1939) pp. i6i-zz8. The paper is not yet available in the Collected Works, but is reprinted in The Undecidable.
5 Ibid.
6 C. Diamond (ed.), Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics (Harvester Press, 1976). The quoted dialogue is extracted from lectures 21 and 22.
7 Letter to E. S. Turing, in the Turing Archive, King's College, Cambridge.
8 A. P. Mahon, History of Hut 8 (1945), released from secrecy by the National Archives, Washington DC, April 1996.
9 A. M. Turing, 'Proposed Electronic Calculator', National Physical Laboratory report (1946). Published in B. E. Carpenter and R. W. Doran (eds.), A. M. Turing's ACE Report of 1946 and other papers (MIT Press and Tomash Publishers, 1986); and again in the Collected Works.
10 A. M. Turing, 'Intelligent machinery', National Physical Laboratory report (1948). The edition (by D. Michie) in Machine Intelligence, 5 (1969) pp. 3-Z3 has been reproduced in the Collected Works.
11 A. M. Turing, 'Computing machinery and intelligence', Mind, 51 (1950), pp. 433-60; reprinted in the Collected Works.
12 Transcript, in the Turing Archive, King's College, Cambridge, published in the MIT Press volume (see 9, above- and again in the Collected Works.
Notes To Turing
14 B. V. Bowden (ed.) Faster than Thought (Pitman, 1953). Turing contributed the section on chess (pp. z88~95), which is reprinted in the Collected Works.
15 A. M. Turing, 'The chemical basis of morphogenesis', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London B Z37 (i95z) pp. 37-/z; reprinted in the Collected Works.
16 Letter of June 1954 from Robin Gandy to M. H. A. Newman, in the Turing Archive, King's College, Cambridge.
17 Letter to N. A. Routledge, in the Turing Archive, King's College, Cambridge. Reprinted in the preface to the I99Z edition of Alan Turing: the Enigma.
18 Postcard to Robin Gandy, in the Turing Archive, King's College, Cambridge. Reproduced in Alan Turing: the Enigma.
19 A. M. Turing, 'Solvable and unsolvable problems', Penguin Science News, 31 (1954), pp- 7-2. 3- Reprinted in the Collected Works.